翻譯質(zhì)量指的是客戶明確提出，或客戶使用要求中客觀包含的要求能否滿足，今天醫(yī)學(xué)翻譯公司給大家分享影響翻譯質(zhì)量的因素：

　　Translation quality refers to whether the requirements specified by the clients or objectively contained in the users'requirements can be met. Today, medical translation companies share with you the factors that affect the quality of translation.

　　一、文本因素

　?、? Textual factors

　　1、語(yǔ)義理解障礙：

　　1. Obstacles to Semantic Understanding:

　　閱讀和分析原文階段，原文的語(yǔ)義含糊性和句法復(fù)雜性是影響等值程度最主要的因素。由于原文有意無(wú)意的語(yǔ)義含糊，譯者很難確定原文的真實(shí)語(yǔ)義，不同的人有不同的理解，也就產(chǎn)生不同的譯文。如，以漢語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的人常喜歡間接地或迂回地表達(dá)自己對(duì)一個(gè)男孩或女孩長(zhǎng)相的看法，便說(shuō)“她長(zhǎng)得困難”——這就不能不給譯者帶來(lái)“別扭”的感覺(jué)。如果直譯為“She grows difficult.”老外讀了可能費(fèi)解;如果意譯為“She looks ugly.”原文的風(fēng)趣就喪失了。

　　In the stage of reading and analyzing the original text, the semantic ambiguity and syntactic complexity of the original text are the most important factors affecting the degree of equivalence. Because of the intentional or unintentional ambiguity of the original text, it is difficult for the translator to determine the true meaning of the original text. Different people have different understandings, and thus different translations are produced. For example, native speakers of Chinese often like to express indirectly or circuitously their views on a boy or girl's appearance, and then say "she is difficult to grow" - which can not help but give the translator a feeling of "awkwardness". If literally translated as "She grows difficult." foreigners may be puzzled; if freely translated as "She looks ugly." the original text loses its wit.

　　要克服語(yǔ)義含糊，準(zhǔn)確傳達(dá)原文語(yǔ)義就要求譯者對(duì)原語(yǔ)有較高的把握能力，盡可能綜合考慮與原文語(yǔ)義相關(guān)的所有因素，挖掘出原文真實(shí)內(nèi)涵。即便如此也難實(shí)現(xiàn)絕對(duì)的“等值”。

　　To overcome semantic ambiguity and convey the original semantics accurately, translators are required to have a high grasp of the source language, take all the factors related to the original semantics into consideration as far as possible, and excavate the true connotation of the original text. Even so, it is difficult to achieve absolute "equivalence".

　　原文句法過(guò)于復(fù)雜也是譯者遇到的比較棘手的問(wèn)題，翻譯前譯者不得不將復(fù)雜的句法重新梳理一遍，即先進(jìn)行語(yǔ)內(nèi)翻譯，然后再轉(zhuǎn)換成譯語(yǔ)，這也在一定程度上影響了等值程度。

　　The complexity of the original sentence is also a thorny problem for the translator. Before translation, the translator has to reorganize the complex syntax, that is, to translate it into the target language first and then into the target language, which also affects the equivalence to a certain extent.

　　2、表達(dá)方式相異：

　　2. Different ways of expression:

　　分析完原文后，在原文轉(zhuǎn)換成譯文階段，譯者同樣遇到很多影響等值的因素，大都與表達(dá)方式、文體風(fēng)格有關(guān)。原文里同一個(gè)句法單位，譯文通常都有幾種等值程度不一的表達(dá)方式與之對(duì)應(yīng)(固定用法除外)，表達(dá)方式的取舍在一定程度上決定了譯文等值程度的高低。

　　After the analysis of the original text, translators also encounter many factors affecting equivalence, mostly related to the way of expression and style. In the same syntactic unit of the original text, the translation usually has several expressions with different equivalence (except for fixed usage). To some extent, the choice of expression determines the degree of equivalence of the translation.

　　我們的取舍原則是選擇最自然的對(duì)等物，即采用最符合譯語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣及慣用語(yǔ)搭配的表達(dá)方式。

　　Our principle of choice is to choose the most natural equivalents, that is, to adopt the expressions that are most in line with the conventions and collocations of idioms in the target language.

　　3、語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)不同：

　　3. Different grammatical structures:

　　正如Mona Baker所說(shuō)，不同語(yǔ)言有不同的語(yǔ)法范疇、語(yǔ)法規(guī)則和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，這些不同導(dǎo)致它們傳達(dá)信息的方式也不同。譯文語(yǔ)言若缺失原文語(yǔ)言的某種語(yǔ)法范疇或結(jié)構(gòu)，則在譯文中很難找到一個(gè)與原文直接對(duì)應(yīng)的對(duì)等物，譯者也不得不對(duì)原文的信息或增或刪、做出某些取舍。在這些影響翻譯的語(yǔ)法范疇中，Mona Baker尤其強(qiáng)調(diào)了數(shù)、性、時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)體、語(yǔ)態(tài)、人稱。

　　As Mona Baker said, different languages have different grammatical categories, rules and structures, which lead to different ways of conveying information. If the target language lacks some grammatical category or structure of the source language, it is difficult to find a direct equivalent in the target text, and the translator has to add or delete the information of the source text and make some trade-offs. Among the grammatical categories that influence translation, Mona Baker emphasizes numeral, gender, tense and style, voice and person in particular.

　　因此，不同語(yǔ)言之間的語(yǔ)法差異也是影響等值程度的一個(gè)重要因素。語(yǔ)法差異越大，達(dá)到等值的難度也就越大。

　　Therefore, the grammatical differences between different languages are also an important factor affecting the degree of equivalence. The greater the difference in grammar, the more difficult it is to achieve equivalence.

　　4、文章體裁：

　　4. The genre of the article:

　　文章體裁是影響翻譯等值程度一個(gè)很重要的因素。不同體裁具有不同的功能，是表情功能、信息功能抑或呼語(yǔ)功能，這在翻譯中都不能忽視。奈達(dá)在論述“動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)等”時(shí)提出的四條原則之一便是譯文與原文的文學(xué)體裁所起的作用一致。

　　Genre is a very important factor affecting translation equivalence. Different genres have different functions, such as expressive function, informative function or vocative function, which can not be ignored in translation. One of the four principles Nida put forward when discussing "dynamic equivalence" is that the literary genre of the original text plays the same role.

　　例如，原文體裁若具有認(rèn)識(shí)職能，譯文也須具有這種職能，原文的語(yǔ)言職能是美學(xué)職能，譯文也須實(shí)現(xiàn)美學(xué)職能。詩(shī)歌被普遍認(rèn)為是最難達(dá)到等值甚至是一種不可譯的文學(xué)體裁，不僅因?yàn)樗谖淖?、音韻、隱喻等方面的特性，更因?yàn)樘N(yùn)含其中的神韻、意境或者說(shuō)是味道，即詩(shī)之所以為詩(shī)的東西都使常人無(wú)法企及。

　　For example, if the original genre has the cognitive function, the translation must also have this function. The linguistic function of the original text is the aesthetic function, and the translation must also realize the aesthetic function. Poetry is generally regarded as the most difficult literary genre to achieve equivalence or even untranslatability, not only because of its characteristics in terms of characters, phonology and metaphor, but also because of its charm, artistic conception or taste, that is, what makes poetry poetry impossible for ordinary people to reach.

　　不同的文章體裁應(yīng)有不同的等值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，甚至是每篇文章都應(yīng)有其自身的等值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

　　Different genres of articles should have different equivalence criteria, and even each article should have its own equivalence criteria.

　　二、文化因素

　?、? Cultural factors

　　不同民族擁有不同的歷史背景、思維模式、社會(huì)習(xí)俗，于是形成自己獨(dú)特的文化背景，這些文化差異都會(huì)承載于各自不同的語(yǔ)言當(dāng)中。正確理解原文的文化內(nèi)涵，分析原語(yǔ)和譯語(yǔ)的文化差異是做到等值翻譯的一個(gè)前提條件。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，兩種語(yǔ)言文化之間差異越大，這兩種語(yǔ)言之間的等值轉(zhuǎn)換就越難，等值程度也越會(huì)受到影響。

　　Different nationalities have different historical backgrounds, modes of thinking and social customs, thus forming their own unique cultural background, these cultural differences will be carried in their different languages. Correct understanding of the cultural connotations of the source text and analysis of cultural differences between the source language and the target language are prerequisites for equivalence translation. Generally speaking, the greater the difference between the two languages and cultures, the more difficult the equivalence conversion between the two languages will be, and the more the degree of equivalence will be affected.

　　我們?cè)诜g中只有充分考慮到這種文化差異性，盡量將原語(yǔ)的文化信息、文化內(nèi)涵用符合譯語(yǔ)文化習(xí)慣的表達(dá)方式表現(xiàn)出來(lái)，這樣才能達(dá)到較高程度的等值。

　　Only when we fully consider this cultural difference and try to express the cultural information and connotation of the source language in a way consistent with the cultural habits of the target language, can we achieve a higher degree of equivalence.

　　三、譯者因素

　　Ⅲ. Translator factors

　　翻譯也離不開人類活動(dòng)，其結(jié)果還在很大程度上取決于譯者。譯者具有自身的興趣、愛(ài)好、優(yōu)勢(shì)、語(yǔ)言能力和語(yǔ)言外經(jīng)歷，這些都決定著其翻譯結(jié)果。

　　Translation is also inseparable from human activities, and the result depends largely on the translator. Translators have their own interests, hobbies, advantages, linguistic competence and extralinguistic experience, which determine their translation results.

　　譯者自身水平的高低，即其綜合素養(yǎng)也成為影響等值程度的重要因素。它包括譯者的雙語(yǔ)掌握程度、對(duì)兩種文化的認(rèn)識(shí)深度和敏感度及對(duì)譯文受眾理解能力和知識(shí)范圍的預(yù)知能力等等。

　　The translator's own level, that is, his comprehensive literacy, has also become an important factor affecting the degree of equivalence. It includes the translator's bilingual proficiency, the depth and sensitivity of understanding the two cultures, the ability to understand the target audience and the ability to predict the scope of knowledge, etc.

　　一般來(lái)說(shuō)，譯者解決問(wèn)題的能力越強(qiáng)、綜合素質(zhì)越高，獲得等值的可能性就越大，等值程度也就越高。譯本的優(yōu)劣，關(guān)鍵在于譯者，在于譯者的譯才，在于譯者的譯才是否得到充分施展。

　　Generally speaking, the stronger the translator's problem-solving ability and comprehensive quality, the greater the possibility of obtaining equivalence and the higher the degree of equivalence. The key to the quality of the translated version lies in the translator, the translator's translation ability and whether the translator's translation ability is fully utilized.

中譯國(guó)際翻譯（北京）有限公司
China International Translation service Co., Ltd.